First Amendment of the US Constitution

The First Amendment (1791) of the US Constitution reads, in full:

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.”

	Language	PRO “Under God” Interpretation	CON “Under God” Interpretation
Establishment Clause	“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”	Congress is permitted to add the words “under God” to government materials because the phrase does not “establish” any specific religion.	Congress cannot add any reference to “God” or religion to any government materials because this clause explicitly forbids any such inclusion.
Free Exercise Clause	“or prohibiting the free exercise thereof”	Americans are permitted to Pledge to a nation under any “God” they choose, or to not use any such words at all.	Congress is prohibited from adding the words “under God” because those words may interfere with the free exercise of atheism.

Related Links:

• Does the Phrase “under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance Violate the Establishment Clause of the US Constitution?
• What Are Some of the Theories and Supreme Court tests Used to Analyze the Religious Clauses of the Constitution’s First Amendment?
• Supreme Court Decisions Involving the Pledge of Allegiance