Source Biographies
"Should the Words “under God” Be in the US Pledge of Allegiance?"
Summary of Positions
| Pro | Not Clearly Pro or Con (NC) | Con | None Found (?) | |
| I. Individual | 60 (38.5%) | 11 (7.1%) | 33 (21.2%) | 52 (33.3%) |
| II. Organization | 37 (33.6%) | 1 (0.9%) | 23 (20.9%) | 49 (44.5%) |
I. Individual
- A -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Adams, John | ? |
| Akin, W. Todd, MDiv | Pro |
| Allen, George, JD | Pro |
- B -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Baer, John W., DA, MBA | NC |
| Balch, George T. | ? |
| Banning, Sandra L. | Pro |
| Barker, Dan | Con |
| Barlow, Joel | ? |
| Barton, David | Pro |
| Beckstrom, Darryn, MA | Pro |
| Bellamy, Francis | ? |
| Benen, Steve, MA | NC |
| Biden, Joe, JD | Pro |
| Bonomi, Patricia U., PhD | ? |
| Bonta, Steve, PhD | Pro |
| Boston, Rob | Con |
| Bowman, Louis Andrew, JD | Pro |
| Boykin, William | ? |
| Brennan, William J., JD | Pro |
| Brewer, David J., JD | ? |
| Brownback, Sam, JD | Pro |
| Buckner, Ed, PhD | Con |
| Burns, Conrad | Pro |
| Bush, George W., MBA | Pro |
| Butler, John, PhD | ? |
- C -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Carroll, Jon | Con |
| Chemerinsky, Erwin, JD | Con |
| Choper, Jesse, LLB | Con |
| Church, Forrest, PhD | Pro |
| Cline, Austin, MA | Con |
| Cohen, Charles L., PhD | ? |
| Curry, Rex, JD | Con |
- D -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Davis, Derek, JD, PhD | Pro |
| Davis, Kenneth C. | ? |
| DeMar, Gary, MDiv | NC |
| Dershowitz, Alan M., LLB | Con |
| Dobson, James C., PhD | Pro |
| Drakeman, Donald, JD, PhD | Pro |
| Dunn, James M., PhD | NC |
- E -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Eisenhower, Dwight D. | Pro |
| Ellis, Richard J., PhD | ? |
| Epps, Garrett, JD, LLM | ? |
| Epstein, Steven, JD | Con |
- F -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Falwell, Jerry | Pro |
| Farah, Joseph | Pro |
| Federer, William J. | Pro |
| Feingold, Russ, JD | Pro |
| Feldman, Noah, JD, PhD | Pro |
| Fernandez, Ferdinand F., JD | Pro |
| Fink, Dan | Con |
| Flax, Bill | Pro |
| Fleischer, Ari | ? |
| Franklin, Benjamin | ? |
| Franks, Trent | Pro |
| Frist, Bill, MD | Pro |
- G -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Gaddy, C. Welton, PhD | Con |
| Gasaway, Brantley, PhD | Con |
| Goldson, Yonason | Pro |
| Goldwater, Barry | ? |
| Gonzales, Alberto, JD | Pro |
| Goodwin, Alfred Theodore, JD | Con |
| Grossberger, Lewis | ? |
| Guenter, Scot, PhD | ? |
| Guthrie, William Norman | ? |
- H -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Hall, Mark David, PhD | ? |
| Hamilton, Alexander | ? |
| Hamilton, Marci A., JD | Con |
| Hansen, Collin | Con |
| Hasson, Kevin Seamus, JD | Pro |
| Haynes, Charles C., PhD | NC |
| Henry, Patrick | ? |
| Heyrman, Christine, PhD | ? |
| Hitchcock, James, PhD | Pro |
| Hogan, Michael, PhD | ? |
| Huntington, Samuel P., JD | Pro |
- I -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Inglis, Bob, JD | Pro |
- J -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Jacoby, Susan | Con |
| Jay, John | ? |
| Jayne, Allen, PhD | ? |
| Jefferson, Thomas | ? |
- K -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Karlton, Lawrence K., JD | Con |
| Kelly, Charles "Chuck" M., PhD | ? |
| Kempthorne, Dirk | Pro |
| Kennedy, D. James, PhD | Pro |
| Kerry, John | NC |
| Kupelian, David | Pro |
| Kurtz, Paul, PhD | Pro |
| Kyl, Jon, LLB | Pro |
- L -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Laycock, Douglas, JD | Con |
| Lieberman, Joe, LLB | Pro |
| Locke, John | NC |
| Lynn, Barry W., JD | Con |
- M -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Madison, James | ? |
| Marylander, Grant, JD | Pro |
| Mason, George | ? |
| Mauro, Tony, MS | Con |
| McCain, John | Pro |
| McGraw, Barbara A., JD, PhD | Con |
| McLaren, Brian, MA | NC |
| Meacham, Jon | ? |
| Montopoli, Brian | ? |
| Moore, Roy S., JD | Pro |
| Morgan, Bill | ? |
| Morris, David, PhD | ? |
| Muñoz, Vincent Phillip, PhD | Pro |
- N -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Newdow, Michael, JD, MD | Con |
| Novak, Michael | ? |
- O -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| O'Connor, Sandra Day, LLB | Pro |
| O'Donnell, Patrick S., MA | Con |
| O'Leary, Brad | ? |
| Obama, Barack, JD | Pro |
| Olson, Theodore B., JD | Pro |
- P -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Paige, Rod, PhD | Pro |
| Paine, Thomas | ? |
| Parsley, Rod | Pro |
| Pearlston, Carl B., JD | ? |
| Pelosi, Nancy | Pro |
| Powell, Garland W. | ? |
| Prescott, Bruce, PhD | Con |
- R -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Reagan, Ronald W. | ? |
| Rehnquist, William, JD | Pro |
| Reinhardt, Stephen R., LLB | Con |
| Remes, David H., JD | Con |
| Rios, Sandy | Pro |
| Robertson, Pat, JD | Pro |
| Roosevelt, Theodore | ? |
| Rove, Karl | ? |
| Roy, Lisa Shaw, JD | Pro |
| Ruch, John | NC |
| Ruprecht, Louis A., Jr., PhD | NC |
| Rutman, Yisrael | ? |
- S -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Safire, William | Pro |
| Sager, Lawrence G., LLB | Con |
| Sandoz, Ellis, PhD | Pro |
| Santorum, Rick, JD, MBA | ? |
| Scalia, Antonin, LLB | Pro |
| Scheer, Robert | Con |
| Schneider, Tom | Pro |
| Sherman, Rob | Con |
| Shiffrin, Steven H., JD | Con |
| Shuck, John, MDiv | ? |
| Smolin, David M., JD | ? |
| Staver, Mathew, JD | Pro |
- T -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Thompson, John E., JD | Con |
- V -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Van Alstyne, William W., JD | Con |
| Vickery, Paul S., PhD | NC |
| Vidal, Gore | ? |
- W -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Waldman, Steven | ? |
| Warren, Earl, JD | ? |
| Washington, George | ? |
| West, Thomas G., PhD | Pro |
| Wikstrom, Erik Walker, MDiv | ? |
| Williams, Karen J., JD | Pro |
| Wolff, Tobias B., JD | ? |
- Y -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Yarbrough, Tinsley E., PhD | ? |
- Z -
| Individuals | Position |
|---|---|
| Zavaletta, Joseph A., JD | Pro |
II. Organization
- A -
- B -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Becket Fund for Religious Liberty | Pro |
| Bliss Institute | ? |
| British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) | ? |
- C -
- D -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Daily Nebraskan | ? |
| Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) | ? |
- E -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Early America Review | ? |
| Education Commission of the States (ECS) | ? |
| Ekklesia | ? |
- F -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Family Research Council | Pro |
| First Amendment Center | NC |
| First Things | ? |
| Focus on the Family | Pro |
| Foundation for Moral Law | Pro |
| FOX News | ? |
| Freedom From Religion Foundation | Con |
- G -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Gallup Organization | ? |
| Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) | ? |
| Grassfire (formerly Grassfire.net) | Pro |
| Guardian Unlimited (U.K.) | ? |
- H -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review | ? |
| Humanist Society | Con |
| HUUmanists | Con |
- I -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Institute for Humanist Studies (IHS) | Con |
| International Social Survey Program (ISSP) | ? |
| Ipsos North America | ? |
- J -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) | Con |
| Jehovah's Witnesses United | ? |
- K -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Knights of Columbus | Pro |
- L -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Liberty Counsel | Pro |
| Los Angeles Times | Pro |
- M -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary | ? |
- N -
- O -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Oregon Law Review | ? |
- P -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Pacific Justice Institute | Pro |
| Pacific Legal Foundation (PLF) | Pro |
| Pacific Research Institute | Pro |
| Pew Research Center | ? |
- R -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Reuters | ? |
| Rob Sherman Advocacy | Con |
| Rutherford Institute | Pro |
- S -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| San Jose Mercury News | ? |
| Seattle Atheists | Con |
| Secular Coalition for America | Con |
| Slovak Spectator | ? |
| Society for Humanistic Judaism | Con |
| SurveyUSA | ? |
- T -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Thomas More Law Center | Pro |
- U -
- W -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| WallBuilders | Pro |
| Washington Post | ? |
| Washington Times | ? |
| Wikipedia | ? |
| World Almanac for Kids | ? |
| World Pantheist Movement | Con |
- Y -
| Organizations | Position |
|---|---|
| Your Catholic Voice Foundation | Pro |